FAQ: The Cub Scout ProgramAre Cub Scouts the same as Boy Scouts?Cub Scouting is a program of the Boy Scouts of America—so in that sense, Cub Scouts and Boy Scouts are both members of the same organization. However, they are entirely different programs: Cub Scouting is a family-oriented program designed specifically to address the needs of younger boys. How often do Cub Scouts meet?Cub Scouts meet in their dens once each week, and a pack meeting is held for all Cub Scouts and their families once a month. Beyond that, it depends on the den and pack: a den may hold a special activity, such as a service project or visit to a local museum in place of one of the weekly meetings or in addition to the weekly meetings. Likewise, a pack may conduct a special event such as a blue and gold banquet as an additional event, rather than a substitute for its monthly pack meeting. May parents attend den meetings?Cub Scout den meetings are intended to be an activity for the individual boys. They are not a family activity, and the presence of parents can be a distraction. Abacre restaurant point of sale 5.9.7 crack. However, parental involvement is not forbidden and all meetings should be open to your participation. If you would like to be present at a den meeting, ask the den leader in advance so that the leader can plan a way for you to observe or participate in an unobtrusive manner, |
Click here to download the Sports and Academic Program requirements.Academics & Sports | Religious Emblems | U.S. Heritage Award | Physical Fitness Award | World Conservation Award | Emergency Preparedness Award | Outdoor Activity Award | Leave No Trace Awareness Award | Whittling Chip | Recruiter Strip | Internet Safety | Crime Prevention Award | Donor Awareness Patch | BSA Family Award | Interpreter Strip | Service Stars | Conservation Good Turn | World Friendship Fund Patch | Lifesaving or Meritorious Action Award | International Activity Badge | Good Turn For America | Cub Scout Academic and Sports ProgramThe Cub Scout Academic and Sports Program is one way to address the development of physical (healthy), mental (thinking and problem solving) and emotional (self-control, courage and self-resect) fitness. The purpose is to assist Scouts in learning new skills, improving areas they already possess and rewarding the boys for their achievments. Scouts are encouraged to always do their BEST. The Academic and Sports Program is an optional program for all Cub Scouts. It is not part of the normal rank advancement, except when used in obtaining various Webelo Activity badges. Scouts can earn belt loops, pins and letters. Each leader has the Academic and Sports Program book. Belt loop cards are awarded at den meetings by the den leader. When the scout completes the requirements, a parent notifys the den leader. The scout will be presented with the belt loop at the next den meeting. Available for both sports or academics activities. Belt loops reward boys for trying an activity, typically during a den meeting or at home. Some belt loops may be earned more than once depending on Scouts rank, but they are only presented once. Academc and Sports pins recognize a deeper commitment to the activity, either through involvement in a team for a season or a dedicated instructional class (for instance Cub Scout day camp). These awards must be earned after becoming a Cub Scout and prior involvements in sports or academics programs do not count. Some pins may be earned more than once depending on Scouts rank, but they are only presented once. Note that the belt loop and/or pin for BB gun and Archery, must be earned at Cub Scout Day camp, Resident Camp or have a certified shooting sports instructor be present when qualifying for these. Pins can be worn on the Sports & Academics Letter 'C' or on Official Cub Scout cap. This is given to the boy after he earns 5 belt loops and 5 pins. Sports & Academic pins are worn on the letter. Academic Achievements include: Art, Astronomy, Chess, Citizenship, Collecting, Communicating, Computers, Language and Culture, Georgraphy, Geology, Heritages, Maps & Compass, Mathematics, Music, Science, Weather, and Wildlife Conservation. Sports Achievements include: Archery, BB Shooting, Badminton, Baseball, Basketball, Bicycling, Bowling, Fishing, Flag Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Ice Skating, Marbles, Physical Fitness, Roller Skating, Snow Ski and Board Sports, Soccer, Softall, Swiming, Table Tennic, Tennis, Ultimate, and Vollyball. See the link below for information on belt loops and pins- US Scouts Sports and Academic Program
Addtional Awards
Cub Scouts have the opportunity to earn awards and patches beyond their normal advancement. These programs help Cubs Scouts develop new skills or improve skills they already possess and allow them to explore new subjects that they might not have the opportunity to do elsewhere. This page covers the landscape of possible activities - there should be no shortage of activities for the boys either at Den meetings or at home! Religious Emblems A Scout is reverent - all scouts show this by being faithful in their duty to God. Scouts can earn religious emblems by completing a set of requirements specified by their faith. Cub Scouts of the Roman Catholic faith are elgible to earn the Light of Christ as Tigers and Wolf, and the Parvuli Dei as Bears and Wolves. In addition, boys and leaders may earn Rosary Patches. Cub Scouts of Protestant faiths (including Independent Christian Churches, United Methodist, Presbytyerian, Lutheran, Baptist and Episcopal) can earn the God and Me emblem as Tigers, Wolves and Bears, and the God and Family emblem as Webelos. Please see details in the presentation to be linked here in the future. For Roman Catholic Awards, please present your completed handbook to the Pack Chairman, who will forward the handbook to the parish. The US Heritage Award was designed to give youth recognition for learning about the heritage of the USA. Youths ages 6 to 10 can earn the Silver Award.
This award is part of the BSA program at all leaves and encourages and promotes healthy habits. In preparing youth for the challenges of the 21st Century, especially with the automated and sedentary cultures, this program encourages fitness, especially in leaders who set examples.
The World Conservation Award provides an opportunity for individual Cub Scouts to 'think globally' and 'act locally' to preserve and improve our environment. This program is designed to make youth members aware that all nations are closely related through natural resources and that we are interdependent with our world environment. The award can be earned by Wolfs, Bears, and Webelos completing a set of requirements and a project specific to the rank. The specifics are outlined in each rank's handbook. As a Wolf Cub Scout, you can earn the Cub Scout World Conservation Award by doing the following: Complete All Arrow Points in 2 of the following 3 electives: #15 - Grow Something Participate in a den or pack conservation project in addition to the above As a Bear Cub Scout, you can earn the Cub Scout World Conservation Award by doing the following: Complete achievement #5 Sharing your World With Wildlife Complete all requirements in 2 of the following 3 electives: #12 - Nature Crafts Participate in a den or pack conservation project in addition to the above As a Webelo Scout, you can earn the Cub Scout World Conservation Award by doing the following: Earn the Naturalist Activity Badge Participate in a den or pack conservation project. Link: http://www.ussscouts.org/advance/cubscout/worldcons.html The Emergency Preparedness Award is part of a new BSA program of emphasis for Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts, Venturers, and Leaders, in cooperation with the Federal Department of Homeland Security. Separate age-appropriate requirements have been developed for Tigers, Wolfs, Bears, and Webelos. Tiger Cub Requirements Complete Tiger Cub Achievement 3 — Keeping Myself Healthy and Safe. This achievement covers a family fire plan and drill and what to do if separated from the family. Complete Tiger Cub Elective 27 — Emergency! This elective helps a Tiger Cub be ready for emergencies and dangerous situations and has him discuss a family emergency plan with his family. With your parent or guardian's help, complete one of these three activities. Take the American Red Cross First Aid for Children Today (FACT) course. Join a safe kids program such as McGruff Child Identification, Internet Safety, or Safety at Home. Show and tell your family household what you have learned about preparing for emergencies. Complete Wolf Cub Scout Achievement 9 — Be Safe at Home and on the Street. This is a check of your home to keep it safe. Complete Wolf Cub Scout Elective 16 — Family Alert. This elective is about designing a plan for your home and family in case an emergency takes place. With your parent or guardian's help, complete one of the following activities that you have not already completed for this award as a Tiger Cub: Take American Red Cross Basic Aid Training (BAT) to learn emergency skills and care for choking, wounds, nose bleeds, falls, and animal bites. This course includes responses for fire safety, poisoning, water accidents, substance abuse, and more. Make a presentation to your family on what you have learned about preparing for emergencies. Join a Safe Kids program such as McGruff Child Identification program. Put on a training program for your family or den on stranger awareness, Internet safety, or safety at home. Complete Bear Cub Scout Achievement 11*— Be Ready. The focus of this achievement is the best way to handle emergencies. Make a small display or give a presentation for your family or den on what you have learned about preparing for emergencies. With your parent or guardian's help, complete one of the following activities that you have not already completed for this award as a Tiger Cub or Wolf Cub Scout: Take American Red Cross Basic Aid Training (BAT) to learn emergency skills and care for choking, wounds, nose bleeds, falls, and animal bites. This course includes responses for fire safety, poisoning, water accidents, substance abuse, and more. Put together a family emergency kit for use in the home. Organize a safe kids program such as McGruff Child Identification program. Put on a training program for your family or den on stranger awareness, Internet safety, or safety at home. Earn the Readyman activity badge from the community badge group. Build a family emergency kit, with an adult family member participating in the project. With your parent or guardian's help, complete one of the following that you have not already completed for this award as a Tiger Cub or Wolf or Bear Cub Scout: Take a first aid course conducted by your local American Red Cross chapter. Give a presentation to your den on preparing for emergencies. Organize a training program for your Webelos den on stranger awareness, Internet safety, or safety at home. This award is available to all registered Scouters who serve a unit, including all leaders and committee members. Develop an emergency preparedness program plan and kit for your home and be sure all family members know the plan. Participate actively in preparing an emergency plan of action for your Scouting unit meeting place. (This includes all locations where you might have a meeting.) Put together a unit emergency kit to be kept at your unit meeting location. (This includes all locations where you might have a meeting.) Take a basic first aid/CPR course, or participate as an active volunteer in a community agency responsible for disaster preparedness. Tiger Cubs, Wolf and Bear Cub Scouts, and Webelos Scouts have the opportunity to earn the Cub Scout Outdoor Activity Award. Boys may earn the award in each of the program years as long as the requirements are completed each year. The first time the award is earned, the boy will receive the pocket flap award, which is to be worn on the right pocket flap of the uniform shirt. Each successive time the award is earned, a wolf track pin may be added to the flap. Leaders should encourage boys t o build on skills and experiences from previous years when working on the award for a successive year. RequirementsAll RanksAttend Cub Scout day camp or Cub Scout/Webelos Scout resident camp. Rank-Specific- Tiger Cubs
- Complete one requirement in Achievement 5, 'Let's Go Outdoors' (Tiger Cub Handbook) and complete three of the outdoor activities listed below.
- Wolf Cub Scouts
- Assemble the 'Six Essentials for Going Outdoors' (Wolf Handbook, Elective 23b) and discuss their purpose, and complete four of the outdoor activities listed below.
- Bear Cub Scouts
- Earn the Cub Scout Leave No Trace Award (Bear Handbook, Elective 25h) and compete five of the outdoor activities listed below.
- Webelos Scouts
- Earn the Outdoorsman Activity Badge (Webelos Handbook) and complete six of the outdoor activities listed below.
Outdoor ActivitiesWith your den, pack, or family: - Participate in a nature hike in your local area. This can be on an organized, marked trail, or just a hike to observe nature in your area.
- Participate in an outdoor activity such as a picnic or park fun day.
- Explain the buddy system and tell what to do if lost. Explain the importance of cooperation.
- Attend a pack overnighter. Be responsible by being prepared for the event.
- Complete an outdoor service project in your community.
- Complete a nature/conservation project in your area. This project should involve improving, beautifying, or supporting natural habitats. Discuss how this project helped you to respect nature.
- Earn the Summertime Pack Award.
- Participate in a nature observation activity. Describe or illustrate and display your observations at a den or pack meeting.
- Participate in an outdoor aquatic activity. This can be an organized swim meet or just a den or pack swim.
- Participate in an outdoor campfire program. Perform in a skit, sing a song, or take part in a ceremony.
- Participate in an outdoor sporting event.
- Participate in an outdoor Scout's Own or other worship service.
- Explore a local city, county, state, or national park. Discuss with your den how a good citizen obeys the park rules.
As more people use parks and recreation facilities, LEAVE NO TRACE® guidelines become even more important for outdoor visitors. Leave No Trace is a plan that helps people to be more concerned about their environment and to help them protect it for future generations. Leave No Trace applies in a backyard or local park (frontcountry) as much as it does in the wilderness (backcountry). We should practice Leave No Trace in our attitude and actions‹wherever we go. Understanding nature strengthens our respect toward the environment. One person with thoughtless behavior or one shortcut on a trail can spoil the outdoor experience for others. Help protect the environment by remembering that while you are there, you are a visitor. When you visit the outdoors, take special care of the area. Leave everything just as you find it. The requirements for the award for Cub Scouts are: Discuss with your leader or parent/guardian the importance of the Leave No Trace frontcountry guidelines. On three separate outings, practice the frontcountry guidelines of Leave No Trace. Tiger - Complete the activities for Achievement 5, Let's Go Outdoors. Wolf - Complete requirement 7, Your Living World. Bear - Complete requirement 12, Family Outdoor Adventures. Participate in a Leave No Trace related service project. Promise to practice the Leave No Trace frontcountry guidelines by signing the Cub Scout Leave No Trace Pledge Draw a poster to illustrate the Leave No Trace frontcountry guidelines and display it at a pack meeting. The requirements for the award for Cub Scout Leader are to: Discuss with your den's Cub Scouts or your Pack's leaders the importance of the Leave No Trace frontcountry guidelines. On three separate outings demonstrate and practice the frontcountry guidelines of Leave No Trace. Participate in presenting a den, pack, district or council awareness session on Leave No Trace frontcountry guidelines. Participate in a Leave No Trace related service project. Commit yourself to the Leave No Trace frontcountry guidelines by signing the Cub Scout Leave No Trace Pledge. Assist at least three boys in earning Cub Scouting's Leave No Trace Awareness Award. I promise to practice the Leave No Trace frontcountry guidelines wherever I go: Stick to trails. Leave what you find. Trash your trash.
Whittling Chip Award (consisting of both a patch and a card) entitles the youth to the privilege of carrying a pocketknife to designated Cub Scout functions. This allows the Scout to demonstrate both his knowledge of the proper use of the tool as well as responsibility. The card reads: In return for the privilege of carrying a pocketknife to designated Cub Scout functions, I agree to the following: I will treat my pocketknife with the respect due a useful tool. I will always close my pocketknife and put it away when not in use. I will not use my pocketknife when it might injure someone near me. I promise never to throw my pocketknife for any reason. I will use my pocketknife in a safe manner at all times. Cub Scouts and Boy Scouts may be awarded, and wear, below the right pocket on their uniforms, the Recruiter Strip. There are NO formal requirements for these strips. Pack 901's requirement for award of a Recruiter Strip is for the Cub Scout to succesfully get a friend, relative, classmate, or other acquaintance to join his unit. Typically, only ONE strip is awarded to a boy while he is a Cub Scout, and another may be awarded while he is a Boy Scout. Special Recognition Award
Some awards do not present you with a patch or pin. Just for reading this page, you can earn a special surprise. Please see your cub master and tell her 'Hunt and Fish Day is on May 8 at Camp Woodfield' and you will be eligible for a special reward. Sometimes it is rewarding to read the information on your pack website.
The Boy Scouts of America’s Crime Prevention Program assists neighborhoods and communities in their efforts to prevent crime. Recognitions consisting of patches, wallet cards, certificates, and pins are available for participants earning the Crime Prevention Award provided they fulfill the requirements of two phases outlined below and detailed on the application form. Youth and family members fulfill this phase of the award by completing the activities outlined on the application form for this phase, and having a parent and/or unit leader sign the application form afterward. This phase of the award is completed by: Securing the approval of a unit leader for a crime prevention project, either an original project or a project of a neighborhood- or community-based organization; Participating with your unit, den, patrol, friends, family, neighborhood, or community in the crime prevention project; and having a parent and/or unit leader sign the application form afterward. Once both phases have been completed, the unit leader must sign the application. Awards may be purchased at the local council service center. For Youth: Settle arguments with words, not fists or weapons. Do not stand around and watch while others are arguing; violence often spreads into groups of bystanders. Learn safe routes and good places to find help in the neighborhood. Trust your feelings; if you sense danger, get away fast. Report any crimes or suspicious actions or individuals to the police, school authorities, or parents. Do not open the door to anyone you do not know and trust. Never go anywhere with someone you do not know and trust. Whenever you leave home, tell parents, relatives, or other responsible adults where you are going, who you will be with, and when you expect to be home. Stick with friends who are not violent and who do not use alcohol or drugs. Avoid known 'trouble spots' and difficult situations. If someone tries to abuse you or touch you inappropriately, yell no, get away, and tell a trusted adult. Get involved in making your neighborhood safer. Join with your neighbors, neighborhood associations, and local schools in these efforts. Help teach younger children how to avoid being victims of crime. Set a good example for them, and explain why it’s important to be safe. Addressing crime prevention through families is one of the most effective ways to combat the problem. Here are some important topics for family or one-on-one discussion: Children need to feel that someone cares enough to protect them. Adults need to set limits, rules, and standards for children. Discuss the reasons for and importance of these boundaries. Children need to talk about violent situations they might witness or be involved in. How might such violent situations be avoided? How can children prevent such situations from happening to themselves or their family and friends? What is a loving and supportive environment, and how is it created? Why is it important to be trustworthy? How does a person earn a reputation for trustworthiness? How does a person lose that reputation, and what does it feel like? Discuss how one small violation of trust can lead to larger ethical compromises. Is it right to 'narc on' someone you know? How does silence allow crime to flourish? Discuss ways to tell the truth about someone else’s actions without suffering reprisals. Give examples. It can be difficult to develop a sense of respect and appreciation for one’s family, community, and world. Discuss focusing on positive things-not just problems. The following strategies and projects can involve individuals or whole families in preventing crime: Don't keep or temporarily place weapons where children have access to them A parent's attitude and example can be extremely influential when it comes to weapons. Get to know neighbors and help your children develop trust with them. Increase the awareness of everyone in your neighborhood of situations that could attract crime - for example, empty houses, open garage doors, unaccompanied children. Stay in touch with your children and have them stay in touch with you. Teach them how to contact you and how to find another trusted adult any time they need help. Offer the use of your home as a refuge and a reliable source of help for children who are frightened or need assistance. Organize, join, or participate in your neighborhood’s or community’s crime watch efforts. Help educate others about crime prevention. When you focus on community crime prevention, consider participating in the following programs: Child identification Safety for elderly people Church- or school-based anticrime initiatives Consider these suggestions for crime prevention projects: Work with local schools and parks to establish drug-free, weapon-free zones. Build a partnership with police. Focus on solving problems instead of reacting to crises. Help develop community pride by cleaning up the neighborhood. Involve the whole community. Contact the departments of public works or parks and recreation for specific ideas, guidance, or suggestions. Build a phone list of local organizations that offer counseling, job training, guidance, and other services that provide positive options to at-risk youth and families. Distribute the list in your neighborhood using local libraries, recreation centers, and other facilities. http://www.usscouts.org/advance/CrimePrevGuide1.html For a number of years, BSA has offered to Cub Scouts and Boy Scouts the Donor Awareness Patch.BSA has reduced their emphasis on this program, but has not discontinued it completely. The patch is still being produced, but some Scout Shops™ may not routinely stock the patch. To avoid disappointing Scouts, CHECK FIRST to see if any are available in your area before promoting this program and patch.Of course, promoting Donor Awareness is still a valid project for Scouts, and can be done, even without the opportunity to get this patch. There are NO formal requirements for these patches. Each Unit establishes the procedure for awarding the strip. Usually, a Donor Awareness Patch is awarded to a Cub Scout the first time he is successful in getting an adult family member, friend, relative, or other acquaintance to agree to become an organ donor, and to fill out and carry an Organ Donor Card and explain the benfits of organ donation. Typically, a unit will award only ONE patch to a boy while a member of that unit.
Scouts and their families can earn this award which can be a patch, pin, or certificate. The Scout Service Center has the BSA Family Activity Book available for purchase. To earn the award the Scout and his family must complete several requirements over a twelve month period. For more details contact your Den Leader or the Awards Chairman. Youth and Adult members in all programs may wear this strip if they show their knowledge of a foreign language or the sign language for the hearing impaired by: Carrying on a 5-minute conversation in this language. Writing a letter in the language (Does not apply for sign language) Translating 200 words or more from the written word.
After having one year in Scouts, boy receives 1- year service star with a yellow backing. Each successive year earns another star. Only one star is worn at a time by Cub Scouts. Adult leaders may wear service stars with a light blue backing. If the adult leader was a former Cub Scout, they may also wear a yellow backed star for years of service as a Cub Scout. If the adult leader was a former Boy Scout, they may also wear a green backed star for years of service as a Boy Scout. Pack 901 awards Service Stars at the Blue and Gold Banquet and the program is administered by the Advancement Chairman.
The Conservation Good Turn is an opportunity for Cub Scout packs, Boy Scout troops, Varsity Scout teams, and Explorer posts to join with conservation or environmental organizations (federal, state, local, or private) to carry out a conservation Good Turn in their home communities. The Scouting unit contacts a conservation agency and offers to carry out a Good Turn project. The agency identifies a worthwhile and needed project that the unit can accomplish. Working together in the local community, the unit and the agency plan the details and establish the date, time and location for carrying out the project. A Conservation Good Turn certificate and patch is available at the council service center for units that participate and report on their efforts. A Conservation-Good Turn patch is also available for purchase at the council service center to recognize individual youth and adult members who participate in a meaningful conservation project. The World Friendship Fund was developed by the Boy Scouts of America during the closing days of World War II. At the time, there was a great need to rebuild Scouting in nations that had been wracked by war and were just emerging from the shadows of totalitarianism. In the years that have elapsed, virtually every nation in the free world that has Scouting has been aided by the fund. Both those nations that have had Scouting before and those newly emerging nations that desire the Scouting program for their youth have been helped. Through the World Friendship Fund, voluntary contributions of Scouts and leaders are transformed into cooperative projects that help Scouting associations in other countries to strengthen and extend their Scouting programs. Since the beginning of the World Friendship Fund, more than $1 million has been voluntarily donated by American Scouts and leaders to these self-help activities.
Lifesaving Awards Recognition may be given to a member of the Boy Scouts of America—Cub Scout, Boy Scout, Varsity Scout, Venturer, or adult leader—where the evidence presented to the National Court of Honor, in accordance with prescribed regulations, shows that he or she saved or attempted to save life under circumstances that indicate heroism and risk of his or her own life. The court will give consideration to resourcefulness and to demonstrated skill in rescue methods. The Honor Medal With Crossed Palms may be awarded in exceptional cases to a youth member or adult leader who has demonstrated both unusual heroism and extraordinary skill or resourcefulness in saving or attempting to save life at extreme risk to self. The Honor Medal may be awarded to a youth member or adult leader who has demonstrated unusual heroism and skill in saving or attempting to save life at considerable risk to self. The Heroism Award may be awarded to a youth member or adult leader who has demonstrated heroism and skill in saving or attempting to save life at minimum risk to self. Meritorious Action Awards Recognition may be given to a youth member or adult leader where the evidence presented to the National Court of Honor, in accordance with prescribed regulations, shows that a significant or outstanding act of service of exceptional character was performed. The action taken need not involve attempts of rescue or risk to self but must put into practice Scouting skills and/or ideals. Recognition shall not be given where it appears that the action involved was merely in the performance of duty or the meeting of an obligation. Medal of Merit The Medal of Merit may be awarded to a youth member or adult leader who has performed some outstanding act of service of a rare or exceptional character that reflects an uncommon degree of concern for the well-being of others. The National Certificate of Merit may be awarded to a youth member or adult leader who has performed a significant act of service that is deserving of special national recognition.
The International Activity badge recognizes participation in unit, council, and world scouting international activities. It is NOT worn in place of or alongside the World Crest emblem. Each local Council has the authority to determine requirements for the patch. There is no time restriction for earning the International activity patch.
Good Turn for America is a long term effort by the Boy Scouts of America to encourage and record good turn projects done in our communities. Every unit is assigned a unique Good Turn for America ID number with which to record information about service projects on the special web site set up for this purpose. Information you will be asked to provide will include: * The organization or group benefiting from the project * Date of the project * Number of non-Scouts helping * Total hours worked Service projects may be entered throughout the year as they are done, no matter how big or small. After you enter the data for each project, your unit will be eligible to receive the Good Turn for America patch and year segment which can be obtained from the Scout Shop. Getting youth involved in direct community service is important. Good Turn for America is designed to help our communities with more Scouting service, to redouble our effort to instill the value of service in our youth, and to increase awareness of the Scouting program within our neighborhoods as we focus on three areas of common concern: relief from hunger, lack of housing, and a decline in fitness and health in America. Good Turn for America builds on current council and unit service projects, as well as encouraging units to develop new projects projects to benefit their communities. Unit-level projects are usually performed for local agencies or in service of your chartering organization. The Boy Scouts of America challenges every unit to commit to furthering their efforts in providing service to their community, and education in the value of service to their youth. All Scouts will qualify for the Good Turn for America patch and yearly segments available at the Scout Shop.
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